A Space-Time-Particle (STP) Model of the Universe

Some Important Quantities:

Planck Constant            h          4.1E–15 eV second

Planck Length               LP         1.6E–35 meter

Planck Time                  tP          5.4E–44 second

Planck Frequency          FP         1.8E43 oscillations/second

Planck Energy               EP         1.2E28 eV

Planck Velocity              VP         3E8 meter/second = LP/tP

Total Free-Energy of Universe (accessible energy, ordinary matter + dark matter)                        1.5E88 eV

Total Bound-Energy of Universe (energy tied up as rest-energy of STP’s)                         6E212 eV

Basic Principles of this Model

All of space, inside the universe and for infinite distances outside the universe, is completely filled with “Space-Time Particles”, or “STP’s” or “Planck Particles”, each with a size equal to the Planck length, energy equal to the Planck energy, and a quantum oscillation time equal to the Planck time.  As with all quantum particles, these STP’s have perpetual motion in that each is perpetually oscillating at a frequency directly proportional to its energy.  The oscillations of each STP occupy a region of space with a size inversely proportional to its energy.

Fig. 1.  Oscillations in Size and Energy of STP’s

These oscillations are a perpetual back-and-forth trading of energy and size between neighboring STP’s, an oscillation of energy density in each STP.  They are all oscillating synchronously, with their quantum wave functions overlapping, like those of the particles in a Bose-Einstein condensate.  All of space, inside and outside the universe, is perpetually oscillating at the FP background frequency.  This oscillation is entirely bound energy, inaccessible energy, rest energy, which can never be removed from the STP’s.  All the STP’s outside the universe have only this bound energy, absolutely no energy whatsoever other than this bound energy.

Fig. 2.  Quantum Wave Functions of STP’s

Fig. 3.  The Expanding Universe, Surrounded by Completely Empty Space, i.e. Space Containing Nothing but STP’s

The universe is an ever-expanding finite region of space containing a finite amount of free energy, i.e. excess energy, energy in addition to the bound energy, energy which is not bound to any specific STP, but can move around from one STP to another.  This excess energy is the ordinary accessible matter and the dark matter of the universe.  We and everything we can sense in the universe are made of this excess energy.

The bound energy of the STP’s might be considered to be the “dark energy” of the universe. 

This excess energy of the universe can take on any of many different forms.  The simplest form is the dark-matter form, which is 80% of the excess energy of the universe.  A dark matter particle (DMP) is a small amount of excess energy, ∆E, localized on an STP. That STP with the extra ∆E is perpetually-oscillating at higher than the Planck frequency, FP, with a size slightly smaller-than-normal.  It therefore conflicts with its neighbors and sends those differences out through them in a spherical wave moving radially outward.  As it goes in and out of phase with its neighbors, it sends a momentary perturbation out into the surrounding STP array.  This perturbation travels outward at the Planck velocity, as a spherical wave or perturbation, without carrying away any energy.

These perturbations are generated repeatedly, at the beat-frequency between the STP bound energy, EP, and the bound plus excess energy, EP+∆E.  These beat-frequency perturbations (BFP’s) may also be referred to as “gravitons” since they are the source of all gravitational interactions.  There is a steady stream of BFP’s coming from every bit of excess energy in the universe, regardless of whether that ∆E is in a dark matter particle (DMP), or in any particle of ordinary mass, or in a photon.

Fig. 4.  Waves of DMP Interfering with Background Waves

Fig. 5.  Beat-Frequency Perturbations (BFP’s) generated by Dark-Matter Particles (DMP’s)

Each DMP is an isolated ∆E.  Although perpetually oscillating in and out and generating BFP’s at its beat frequency, the DMP remains relatively stationary in space.  Its center is moved from one STP to another only if it happens to be hit by a motion-producing flux of BFP’s coming from other DMP’s or from ordinary matter and energy.  Although a DMP is perpetually generating BFP’s, it can never interact with or be influenced by its own BFP’s because once generated, those BFP’s travel only away from the ∆E (the DMP) which was their source, and can never travel back toward it.

All dark matter is entirely composed of isolated ∆E’s, but all ordinary mass and energy is composed of two ∆E’s tied together.  The simplest of these coupled ∆E’s is the neutrino.  When the centers of two ∆E’s come close enough together, they can become tied together by the STP oscillations, which involve energy being transferred back and forth repeatedly.  This also causes the coupled pair of ∆E’s to perpetually move through the STP array, one STP-to-STP transfer for each background oscillation.

Fig. 6.  Neutrino as the STP’s transfer from Red-Low, Green-High, to Equal-Energy Phase

All STP background oscillations are an ongoing back-and-forth transfer of energy, with each STP repeatedly going from higher energy, to lower energy, to higher energy, etc.  Since size is inversely related to energy, this means that the STP sizes are also oscillating up and down as the energy is oscillating back and forth.  This size (energy) difference is an important factor governing the direction of the next transfer.

Fig. 7.  Neutrino as the STP’s transfer from Red-Low, Green-High, to Equal-Energy Phase

Fig. 8.  STP’s transfer from Red-Low, Green-High, to Red-High, Green-Low.  Neutrino moves such that Leading ∆E remains on an STP in High-Energy Phase.

Each STP oscillation results in the transfer of the coupled pair of ∆E’s such that one ∆E is always on a high-energy-phase STP and the other on a low.  This happens as a result of the ∆E transfer taking place when the STP one ∆E is on is finishing high energy phase and the STP to which that ∆E is moving is starting high energy phase.  Likewise the other ∆E of that pair is transferred when the STP that other ∆E is on is finishing low energy, and the STP receiving that other ∆E is starting low energy.  The pair moves one STP length for each STP background oscillation with one ∆E always on an STP in its high-energy phase, and the other ∆E always on an STP in its low-energy phase.

If the leading ∆E is always on a high-energy STP, the pair is a neutrino.  If the leading ∆E is always on a low-energy STP, the pair is an antineutrino.  The differences between the electron, mu, and tau neutrinos are differences in distance between the two ∆E’s.  There may be some minimum energy for the neutrino, an energy below which the attractive force between the + and – charges is not sufficient to keep them together.

Any difference in size is a difference in electric charge, a reduced size (increased energy) being a + charge, and an increased size (reduced energy) being a – charge.  These neutrinos have no detectable electric charge, but they do have an electric dipole moment.  The magnitude of the charges in that dipole is proportional to the energy of the neutrino.  The electric dipole moment of the neutrino therefore depends on the magnitude of the ∆E’s and the distance between them.  This governs the curvature of the path of the neutrino in an electric field.

Fig. 9.  Photon, consisting of a Neutrino and Antineutrino, total of 4 ∆E’s.

The photon is a much more familiar and more easily detected particle than the neutrino.  The photon is a neutrino and antineutrino coupled together.  The neutrino has no detectable electric field because its charges are separated only along the direction of motion, so any field from one charge is canceled by the opposite charge before it can be detected.  In a photon, the neutrino and antineutrino are repeatedly changing places, with charge separation of one being along the direction of motion and the other being perpendicular to that direction.  This perpendicular separation produces the electric field of the photon, and the change produces the magnetic field.

Every particle of ordinary matter (i.e. matter or energy which has a rest mass, and can remain stationary in space, and can never move as fast as light) consists of one or more neutrinos orbiting a region of space containing one more STP, or one less STP, than normal.  The simplest such particle is the electron, which is a neutrino orbiting in a region of space containing STP’s which have expanded by the volume of one STP.  This neutrino has an energy of 511keV, and is the rest energy of the electron.  A neutrino of that energy circles in a stable orbit because the radial gradient of STP sizes causes the path of a neutrino with that energy to curve such that the neutrino path completes one orbit for each BFP emission.  This allows the entire assembly to remain stationary in space.  If the electron receives some kinetic energy by absorbing a photon, that circular orbit becomes a spiral.  The energy then becomes partially neutrino, partially antineutrino, with BFP emissions regularly spaced along the path.

Fig. 10. Electron